Health Alert in Yucatán: Rising Risk of Fungal Infection in Caves and Cenotes

Yucatán, Mexico — As thousands prepare to explore the stunning cenotes and caves of the Yucatán Peninsula during the vacation season, a local health expert is urging caution. Dr. Kenia Guadalupe Ramos Osorio, a general practitioner, has issued a public warning about the increased risk of histoplasmosis, a serious fungal infection linked to environments inhabited by birds and bats.

This warning follows a suspected local case and comes just ahead of the region’s busiest travel periods, when cenotes—those iconic freshwater sinkholes—see a surge in both local and international visitors.

What Is Histoplasmosis?

Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus that thrives in warm, humid places rich in bird or bat droppings—such as caves, old buildings, and even poultry coops. The infection occurs when people inhale fungal spores that become airborne, especially when the ground or surrounding material is disturbed.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirms that histoplasmosis is not contagious between people and is most commonly acquired through airborne spores in contaminated areas.

Who’s Most at Risk?

Although anyone can contract histoplasmosis, Dr. Ramos Osorio warns that certain groups are more vulnerable to severe forms of the disease, including:

• People with compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS
• Individuals with diabetes or chronic conditions like hypertension
• Organ transplant recipients or those on immunosuppressive medications
• People with chronic lung diseases like COPD
• Rural workers, spelunkers, or frequent visitors to caves, cenotes, and bat-inhabited areas

Why Now?

Case numbers often rise during vacation periods and hot seasons—like Holy Week (Semana Santa)—when increased foot traffic disturbs sediments in caves and cenotes. This is especially concerning in tourist hotspots like Cuzamá, Homún, and Valladolid, where cave systems are deeply embedded in the tourism economy.

Signs and Symptoms: Often Mistaken for a Cold

Histoplasmosis can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms resemble those of common respiratory infections. Dr. Ramos Osorio urges visitors to inform their doctor of recent cave or cenote visits if they develop flu-like symptoms.

There are three main types:

• Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: Fever, dry cough, chest pain, and fatigue. Usually resolves on its own but can last weeks.
• Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: Often seen in people with pre-existing lung disease; may include bloody cough, weight loss, and night sweats.
• Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A life-threatening form where the fungus spreads to other organs like the liver, spleen, and central nervous system. This requires urgent medical treatment.

How to Stay Safe: Practical Prevention Tips

To reduce risk while still enjoying Yucatán’s natural wonders, Dr. Ramos Osorio recommends:

• Avoiding cenotes and caves during the peak heat or holiday seasons, when airborne spores are more easily stirred.
• Ensuring the ground is damp, not dry—moist surfaces are less likely to release spores into the air.
• Wearing a KN95 or three-layer surgical mask—cloth masks offer no protection against spores.

If you’re visiting caves as part of a tour, ask guides about ventilation, wildlife activity, and cleaning protocols.

Enjoying Nature, Responsibly

“Protecting your health starts with prevention,” says Dr. Ramos Osorio. “Cenotes and caves are part of our heritage, but understanding the risks helps ensure they’re enjoyed safely.”

Histoplasmosis isn’t new, but with tourism on the rise and climate conditions favoring fungal growth, awareness is critical. If you’re planning a trip to Yucatán’s famous underground wonders, pack your sense of adventure—but also a mask and a little extra caution.